Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory pdf download

Christian, W. Clopton, J. The MMPI response consistencies of normal, neurotic, and psychotic women. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 30, Cofer, C.. A study of malingering on the MMPI.

Cooke, G. Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, Costello, R. Dahlstrom, W. Recurrent issues in the development of the MMPI. Butcher, ed. MMPI: Research developments and clinical applications.

New York: McGraw-Hill, An MMPI handbook. Research applications Rev. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, Dies, R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , I k , Drake, L. A social I. Scale for the MMPI. Edwards, A. The relationship between the judged desirability of a trait and the probability that the trait will be endorsed. New York: Dryden, Exner, J. On the detection of willful falsifications in the MMPI.

Fricke, B. Journal of Counseling Psychology, ,J20', Fulkerson, S. An acquiescence key for the MMPI. Gauron, E. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 26, Gendreau, P. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, , 5, Gloye, E. MMPI item changes by college students under ideal-self response set. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, , 31, Gough, H.

Simulated patterns on the MMPI. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, , 41, Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 1 A , Some common misconceptions about neuroticism. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , California Psychological Inventory Manual. Graham, J. Gravitz, M. Frequency and content of test items normally omitted from MMPI scales. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 31, Journal of Clinical Psychology, , JJ6, Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 3 2 , Grayson, H.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 21, Greene, R. An empirically derived MMPI carelessness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 3 4 , Journal of Personality Assessment, , 43, Gross, L. Grow, R. Faking and the MMPI. Gynther, M. White norms and black MMPIs: a prescription, for discrimination? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, , 40, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, , 32, Are special norms for minorities needed? Journal of Consulting.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 2 9 , Haertzen, C. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 19, Hanley, C. Deriving a measure of test-taking defensiveness. Social desirability and response bias on the MMPI.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, , Z5, Harvey, M. Demand characteristic effects on the subtle and obvious sub-scales of the MMPI. Journal of Personality Assessment, , 4 0, Hathaway, S. A multiphasic personality schedule Minnesota : I.

Construction of the schedule. Journal of Psychology', , 10, MMPI manual Rev. New'York: Psychological Corporation, Heilbrun, A. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 25, Revision of the MMPI K correction procedure for improved detection of maladjustment in a normal college population.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 27, Hinder D. Ideal-self responding on the MMPI. Hovey, H. Correction of MMPI profiles for excessive item omissions. Hull, C. Hummel, T. Empirical comparison of univariate and multivariate analysis of variance procedures.

Psychological Bulletin, , 7j6, Hunt, H. The effect of deliberate deception on MMPI performance. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 12, A study of the differential diagnostic efficiency of the MMPI. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , ljZ, Jackson, D. Berg, Ed. Acquiescence and desirability as response determinants on the MMPI. Johnson, J. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 13, Jones, F. An evaluation of an MMPI response consistency measure. Lachar, D.

The MMPI; clinical assessment and automated interpretation. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, Lawton, M. Prisoners' faking on the MMPI. Little, K. Two new experimental scales of the MMPI. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 2 2 , McKegney, F. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 11, McKinley, J. The K scale.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, , JL2, Marks, P. The actuarial use of the MMPI with adolescents and adults. Matarazzo, J. MMPI validity scores as a function of increasing levels of anxiety.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 19, Meehl, P. Journal of Applied Psychology, , ID, Mehlman, B. Face validity of the MMPI. Mosher, D. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 30, Nakamura, C. Newmark, C. MMPI criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia. Journal of Personality Assessment, , 42, Post, R. Journal of Personality Assessment, , 4J, Ries, H. Rosen, A. Differentiation of diagnostic groups by individual MMPI scales.

Ruch, F. The K factor as a validity suppressor variable in predicting success in selling. Shaffer, J. A new acquiescence scale for the MMPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , JL9, Silver, R.

Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 18, Smith, E. Defensiveness, insight, and the K scale. Sweetland, A. Journal of Consulting Psychology, , 1 3 1 4 - 3 1 6.

Tamkin, A. Vespami, G. MMPI X and zero items in a psychiatric outpatient group. Journal of Personality Assessment, , J8, Wales, B. A new method for detecting the fake good response set of the MMPI. Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 24, What do MMPI zero items really measure - an experimental investigation.

Journal of Clinical Psychology, , 25, Instructional sets and MMPI items. Journal of Personality Assessment, , JJ6, Weiss, R. Response biases in the MMPI: a sequential analysis. Wiener, D. Selecting salesmen with subtle-obvious keys for the MMPI. American Psychologist, , Wiggins, J. Interrelationships among MMPI measures of dissimulation under standard and social desirability instructions.

Strategic, method, and stylistic variance in the MMPI. Social desirability estimation and "faking good" well.

Yonge, G. Educational and Psychological Measurement, , 2 6 , Ziskin, J. Use of the MMPI in forensic settings. Butcher, W. Dahlstrom, M. Schofield Eds. Nutley: Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. You will be requested to take the test under instructions to assume certain roles.

The risks and discomforts are minimal. They may include your becoming bored or restless from taking the test. Possible benefits to others from your participation in this study include an increase in our knowledge about how prisoners take psychological tests. Your participation is completely voluntary and you may refuse participation at any time without penalty or prejudice. I will be happy to answer questions you have about the above items. My participation is completely voluntary.

I consent to the following procedures initial what you agree to; cross out what you do not agree t o :. I understand that I may revoke this consent in writing before the information is disclosed. I understand that participation or non-participation in this research project will not affect my release date or parole eligibility. I did not read most of the items, that is, I answered randomly.

Box Atascadero, CA Telephone: Excellent Bilingual. Other evaluation responsibilities include neuropsychological assessments using the Halstead-Reitan Battery and other procedures, assessment of acculturation for hispanic patients , and more traditional assessment procedures conducted to provide treatment recommendations.

Treatment responsibilities include individual and group therapy with a broad range of patients and culturally sensitive counseling with hispanic patients. Didactic experiences include seminars in Forensic Psychology, Psychotherapy and Hypnotherapy.

The internship also includes a rotation at the Counseling Center at California Polytechnic State University which involves counseling college students concerning personal and academic problems. Duties include career counseling and evaluations. Also engaged in neuropsychological assessments using the Halstead-Reitan Battery and the Luria-Nebraska with a broad range of patients.

Clients included children, adolescents, adults and families. Duties also included neuropsychological assessments of adults, adolescents and children using the Halstead-Reitan , educational evaluations contracted for by the school system, and behavioral assessments, as well as more traditional psychological evaluations. Also provided consultation, evaluation and therapy services to St.

Joseph's Children's Home, a residential setting for girls. Patients included adolescents and adults experiencing a variety of substance abuse disorders. Patients included both males and females and exhibited a wide range of disorders.

Duties included crises intervention, management of assaultive behavior, modeling of appropriate behaviors, and other forms of intervention.

Also conducted psychological evaluation utilized in treatment planning. Counseling modalities included individual, couple, family and group therapy. Treatment was most often short-term, problem or crisis oriented.

Substituted professor in delivering lecture when necessary. Coordinated ongoing research projects for students working under professor. Evaluation consisted of reviewing the design and implementation- of the programs based on written descriptions and on-site visits.

Joseph's Children's Home, Baton Route, LA Responsibilities: Conducted a program evaluation by assessing existing need area and assisting staff in establishing and implementing future goals. American Psychological Association, student affiliate. Atascadero State Hospital Psychology Organization, student member. Louisiana Psychological Association, student member. Doctoral dissertation, in progress. Practice and Training Characteristics of Division 37 Members.

Co-authored with June M. Tuma, Ph. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next.

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Jump to Page. Search inside document. Indistinct, broken or small print on several p a g e s 8. Com puter printout p ag es with indistinct print. Text follows. I especially want to thank my major professor, Dr. Ralph M.

Dreger, for his support and guidance throughout every phase of this project. Thomas C. Fain, of the Feliciana Forensic Facility in Jackson, Louisiana, provided the initial impetus and intellectual challenge necessary to formulate and clarify the ideas tested in this study. Camp and Penitentiary in Lompoc, California provided invaluable assistance during the data collection phase of this probject.

George Stanton, of the California Polytechnic State University, assisted greatly with the analysis of the data. Finally, I want to thank Dee A. Hoffman, R. Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements Specifically, an attempt was made to examine whether any significant biases existed in the scales and ratios used to measure the prisoner's attitudinal set concerning the MMPI. Ninety-six subjects were selected from the U. Camp and Penitentiary in Lompoc, California.

The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups of 32 subjects each. Another group was instructed to take the MMPI under instructions to deny or conceal any psychological problems.

The third group was administered the MMPI under standard instructions so as to serve as a control group. The results indicated that subjects were able to feign maladjustment on the MMPI when instructed to do so. At the same time, the validity indicators were effective in detecting the malingering subjects. Under instructions to feign hyper-adjustment, the subjects were considerably less successful at manipulating the clinical scales. A perusal of recent literature reveals a large increase in the number of publications in this area, suggesting an increased interest among researchers in the interface of psychology and law.

In this case, it seems reasonable to assume that some individuals might attempt to conceal or deny any psychological abnormalities which may in fact be present in order to increase the likelihood of being released. However, there are several scales and indices which are sensitive to these types of test distortion and which can accurately detect feigned records.

One major problem with these techniques is that, for the most part, they have been developed and standardized on non-prisoner samples e. Such is the intent of this study.

The following sections of this review will be concerned with a description and evaluation of research studies on the various MMPI faking detection techniques. Following a brief description and a review of the history of the development of the MMPI, the focus will shift toward an examination of research on the standard validity scales?

McKinley during the late 's and early 's. It was partly a reaction to the lack of demonstrated success of earlier instruments derived on a rational basis, such as the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet Woodworth, , and the Bernreuter Personality Inventory Bernreuter, Greene has reviewed a number of early studies which seriously question the reliability and validity of these and similarly constructed inventories. Hathaway and McKinley intended to develop an inventory which could overcome the shortcomings of the earlier instruments.

To this end, they utilized an empirical approach to scale construction. They collected samples of normal men and women and selected patient groups in the clinics and wards of the University of Minnesota Hospitals.

In order to select items for a particular scale, the items had to be answered differently by the criterion group as compared with normal groups.

The specific procedure in the derivation of the MMPI scales involved a number of steps. If significant differences were obtained between scores for the normal and clinical groups being considered, the scale was assumed to have been adequately validated and ready for use. Scale 5 Masculinity-Femininity was originally intended to distinguish between homosexual males and heterosexual males.

Because a small number of items were obtained that discriminated between homosexual and heterosexual males, other items were added that were differentially endorsed by normal male and female subjects. Thus, the criterion group of male homosexuals could not be compared to the original normative group. Although the initial derivation was conducted separately for males and females, the norms were highly similar and thus the normative data for the two groups was combined.

Table 1 presents a listing of the ten clinical scales currently used in a routine fashion in MMPI scoring and interpretation. One special feature of the MMPI is its utilization of four scales designed to assess test-taking attitudes, known commonly as 2 the validity scales. The four scales routinely employed to assess deviant response tendencies are the following: the "Cannot Say"?

An attempt will be made to cite pertinent findings which will allow for an assessment of the effectiveness of the various scales. Further, studies reporting data concerning non-test correlates of these scales will be reviewed. The effect of item omission on a given test protocol is to lower the general elevation of the profile, since omitted items are considered to be answered in the non-deviant direction.

Specific patterns of item omission may result in a lowering of the score for a particular scale, particularly if the examinee is having difficulty with certain types of items. Clopton and Neuringer examined the effect of omitting a certain number of items on the MMPI profile obtained. They selected fully completed no omissions protocols and randomly omitted groups of 5, 30, 55, 80, and items. They found that as more items were omitted, there was a progressive reduction in the elevation of the profile.

For each of the levels of omitted items described above, there was a corresponding drop in the clinical scales of an average of. The effect of item omission is thus a negative one and should be taken into account in the interpretation of individual profiles as well as in conducting MMPI research. Dahlstrom, Welsh and Dahlstrom provide a number of possible reasons. One of these is that some items may not apply to certain types of examinees.

He found that the most frequently omitted items fell into one of the following six content areas: personal attitudes and interest, sex, family, religion, politics and law and order, and fears. Similarly, Butcher and Tellegen identified four item categories which a group of college students found objectionable.

These included "sex," "religion and religious beliefs," "family relationship," and "bladder and bowel movements. Dahlstrom, Welsh and Dahlstrom suggest that in an effort to deliberately tailor responses to project a certain image, subjects may opt to omit a number of items rather than answer them one way or the other.

In order to test their hypotheses, they performed chi- square analyses between "Cannot say" scores and each of the following scales: L, F, 2 and 7. They found no significant differences between the scales in terms of item omissions, and concluded that a high number of item omissions does not necessarily represent a defensive attitude. It is not clear why the authors in this study used chi- square analyses in order to assess the relationship between "Cannot say" scores and scales L, F, 2 and 7.

The findings are thus difficult to interpret. They found that a significantly higher percentage of complete MMPI protocols no omissions was produced by the job applicants in comparison to the two other groups. The mean number of omitted items was 4. The mean "Cannot say" score for the various groups ranged from 1. Greene presents normative data on frequency of item o- mission for four subject groups.

The second sample was composed of patients treated by a specialist in internal medicine in private practice in a large metropolitan area in the southwest. These subjects were administered the MMPI as a routine screening procedure. His findings are reported in Table 2. As can be seen from examining Table 2, the vast majority of subjects omitted fewer than five items.

Nonetheless, the fact that they do occur requires that some systematic method of dealing with them be available. Brown proposed a method of including the "Cannot say" items in the scoring of the clinical and validity scale. Those in the other two groups would be given a weight of one-half point. No data are provided by the author which address these difficulties. Any procedure designed to correct for excessive item omission is likely to possess an element of arbitrariness, and the possible gains to be obtained from it will have to be weighed against the loss of accuracy which may result.

It is preferable to attempt to eliminate the presence of a large number of omissions by enlisting the full cooperation of the subject. Dahlstrom, et al. The raw score on the "Cannot say" scale can be converted to T scores by using the tables provided by Hathaway and McKinley A raw score of 30 would thus correspond to a T score of 50, one of approximately 65 would equal a T score of 60, and one above would be considered equal to or greater than a T score of Greene considers these T score conversions to be out of line with more recent data.

He notes that in his normative data, a raw score of 30 on the "Cannot say" scale occurs in about five percent of cases. This would mean that a raw score of 30 is close to a T score of 70 rather than 50, as proposed by Hathaway and McKinley Likewise, he proposes that a raw score of is approximately a T score of 80 rather than The following three sections of this review will be concerned with research studies investigating the L, F and K scales. Unlike the "Cannot say" scale, which does not include a specific set of items, each of the three major validity scales contains a specified group of items which contribute to the total raw score.

One major problem inherent in the validity scales as well as the clinical scales is the presence of items which are scored on two or more of the scales, i.

This creates major difficulties in interpreting research findings on MMPI scales in general, but is particularly problematic in studies examining inter-scale relationships without any external validational criteria. It consists of 15 items selected on a rational basis dealing with content areas such as denial of aggression, bad thoughts, minor personal dishonesties, and weakness of character.

Some examples of items on this scale and the deviant responses are listed below: "I do not like everyone I know. More recent data generally support the findings obtained from the Minnesota group.

One possible limitation with this study is that it is reasonable to suspect at least moderate levels of defensiveness among a group of job applicants.

The author addresses this issue by proposing that such a defensive set "would probably apply to other non-clinical situations where the MMPI is administered, not excluding research settings" Gravitz, , p.

Gravitz found that items No. Similarly, these items were not acknowledged by a majority of the Minnesota college normals Dahlstrom et al. I gossip a little at times. The reasons for subjects unwillingness to endorse these items are not clear, and to date, there are no data specifically addressing this issue.

Nonetheless, the appropriateness of including these items on the L scale is questionable. As mentioned earlier, although the L scale may detect relatively unsophisticated deviant response patterns, it is not sensitive to more sophisticated attempts to manipulate the test. Persons from high socioeconomic classes and college educated subjects rarely obtain a high score on the L scale Graham, Hence, such factors need to be taken into consideration when interpreting L scale elevations.

High L scale elevations generally have a suppressive effect on the clinical scales. Dahlstrom et al. Relatively few studies have investigated empirical correlates of the L scale. Burish and Houston have provided somewhat stronger validational data for the L scale. It is noted that the 27 item Dn scale and the 15 item L scale share one item, No.

They also found the L scale to be unrelated to scales 1 Hypochondriasis and 8 Schizophrenia. No items are shared by the L scale and either scale 1 or 8. These data were seen as providing evidence of both convergent and discriminant validity. Further, Rosen has suggested that a raw score of ten should equal a T score of It has been referred to as the frequency or infrequency scale, the confusion scale, or the validity scale. It consists of 64 items selected on the basis of the frequency with which they were endorsed by the original Minnesota normative samples.

Specifically, an item was included if no more than ten percent of the normative sample endorsed it in the deviant direction. Subsequent analysis based on the complete data of the Minnesota samples revealed that five of the 64 items 20, 54, , and do not meet the ten percent or below criterion for inclusion, and an additional three items for females and eleven items for males do not meet the criterion Greene, Further, there are 38 items that could have been included in the F scale in.

The content of the F-scale items is fairly unambiguous and quite varied. Example of F-scale items are listed below: "When I am with people, I am bothered by hearing very queer things. Gynther examined a group of protocols and found that 39 of these had F raw scores greater than Nonetheless, Gynther suggests that the High F score can be given a characterological interpretation, and may be considered a valid measure of antisocial tendencies.

Similar results were obtained by Gynther and Shimkunas a. Other studies have indicated that F scores may be sensitive indicators of severity of psychopathology. Blumberg found that in a sample of psychiatric admissions to a temporary, acute treatment center, 70 twenty percent had F scores greater than Gauron, Severson and Engelhart also found that a majority of a psychiatric patient sample with F raw scores over 16 were diagnosed as psychotic.

Gynther and Shimkunas b obtained parallel results in their psychiatric patient group. Elevations on the F scale may also be related to the age of the subject population, although findings in this area are not consistent.

Gauron et al. On the other hand, Blumberg obtained no significant differences between subjects with high F scores divided into a younger age 22 and under and an older age 23 and over group. Addressing a related issue, McKegney proposed that the high F scale scores frequently observed among juvenile delinquents may be a realistic reflection of certain deviant attitudes, feelings and behaviors actually present in this population as a group.

Item frequencies were significantly higher for certain content categories, such as "Attitude Toward Law and Religion" and "Impulse Control" than for other categories such as "Somatic Concerns" and "Peculiar Thoughts or Beliefs. Another important variable to consider in understanding the meaning of F scale elevations is that of race. Gynther , in a review of the literature on MMPI black-white differences, concludes that both presumably normal and institutionalized blacks generally obtain higher scores on scale F than white subjects.

Their data also indicate that although white and black subjects responded similarly to the 33 items of the F scale for blacks i. Specifically, black endorsement patterns agreed with only 37 percent of the standard F scale items.

Inability to read or comprehend test items could also affect the results obtained. A test subject may also impose special meaning on the testing process, and utliize it as a "cry for help," i. These response sets will be discussed in detail in later sections of this review. The test-retest reliabilities for the F scale range from. They originally proposed that a raw score of three should equal a T-score of 50, a raw score of twelve should equal a T-score of 70, and a raw score of 16 should be equal to a T-score of The L scale elevation supported the notion that a defensive attitude was operating.

These optimal weights are currently routinely employed with five clinical scales, namely, scales 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9. Examples of K scale items are listed below: "I find it hard to set aside a task that I have undertaken, even for a short time. The experimental subjects high motivation to present a good impression were students referred to a disciplinary bureau for violation of university regulations.

Nakamura's results indicate that the K scale was significantly higher for the experimental subjects compared to the controls, which supports the notion of a relationship between K scale elevations and test-taking defensiveness.

Heilbrun compared the K scores of a group of university counseling service clients with those of presumably normal college students. In addition, this study found a significant positive correlation.

He found a significant correlation. K scores outside of this range, either higher or lower, were related to ratings of not improved.

These findings suggest that in clinical groups, K scores within a certain range may represent greater psychological health, whereas more extreme scores suggest the opposite. Other researchers have investigated the effectiveness of using the various K corrections for scales 1, 4, 7, 8 and 9 as a means for improving the validity of these scales. In an early study addressing this issue, Hunt, Carp, Cass, Winder and Kantor compared the effectiveness of using K-corrected versus uncorrected profiles in differentiating between psychotic and non-psychotic male psychiatric patients.

They prepared four profiles for each subject, either excluding or including the K score, and either having the scales K-corrected or uncorrected. Results consistent with these were obtained by Yonge in his comparisons of K-corrected and uncorrected clinical scales vis-a-vis measures of social-emotional adjustment.

The reasoning here follows from findings that, as mentioned earlier, the correlates of K scale values differ across diverse populations. Using 2-group discriminant analysis, he determined the K values which maximized discrimination between maladjusted and adjusted college students. The resulting weighting system differed from the standard system, the main differences being a negative weighting for scale 3 Smaller changes in weighting were obtained for scales 7 and 8, and scales 2, 5, 6 and 0 continued to be unweighted.

Similarly, Fricke has suggested that the validity of scale 3 is increased by subtracting a fraction of K. Using a group of 63 clinically diagnosed conversion hysterics, he found that the discriminant validity of scale 3 was increased through the use of this K correction procedure.

Another investigation has produced findings which argue against the indiscriminate use of the standard K-correction system across different subject groups. Ruch and Ruch gave the MMPI to sales representatives who had been categorized into an upper and a lower criterion group in terms of job effectiveness.

Although more research is clearly needed, MMPI users need to be aware of possible differences existing across subject groups both in terms of the meaning of K scores and the appropriateness of existing K-correction procedures. In these records, the only significant clinical or validity scale elevation is on the K scale.

However, in the Marks et al. These patients are described as shy, anxious, inhibited, and defensive about admitting that their problems might be psychological in nature. At the same time, they are easily suggestible and submissive, and are readily dominated by others. There seems to be a schizoid element in these patients; they are seen as spending a good deal of time in fantasy and daydreaming. Often their stream of thought is incoherent and they frequently appear perplexed Marks et al.

Gynther and Brilliant , on the other hand, failed to replicate Marks et al. They found that out of 1, profiles obtained at a mental health center, 42 3. However, they were unable to. These authors interpret their failure to replicate as reflecting possible differences between their sample and that of Marks et al.

The Newmark et al. One of these is that, as Greene points out, subjects may achieve a high score on a K-corrected clinical scale in two different ways. They may either endorse a large number of items in the deviant direction, or they may have a large K-correction added to the scale. In addition, as indicated by studies cited above, the client population and the setting in which testing takes place are factors to consider in understanding the implications of K scale scores.

As Dahlstrom et al. The test-retest reliabilities for the K scale range from. In contrast to the other validity scales, for the K scale, there is no specific score that indicates that a gitfen profile is invalid, i. The most common of the four is called the caret-shape configuration, and is diagrammed in Figure 1. As shown on the figure, this validity scale configuration is characterized by L and K scale T-scores below 50 and an F scale T- score above They seem to be requesting assistance with these problems, and may be unsure of their capabilities for dealing with these problems.

He notes that it suggests open admission of problems, emotional instability, a poor self-concept and dysphoria. Similarly, Gross found that severely behavior- ally distrubed subjects obtained this validity scale pattern. These findings suggest that the configuration of the validity scales may be a useful indicator of general behavioral disorganization. Greene has presented normative data on the frequency of validity scale configuration in the four samples described earlier see page The next of the four most frequently obtained validity scale configurations is called the "inverted caret" pattern and is shown in Figure 2.

As can be observed, this pattern is characterized by L and K scale T- scores of 60 or above, and F scale T- scores near or below They are presenting themselves in the best possible light, and tend to view the world in simplistic terms. Lachar notes that this pattern is frequently obtained among normal defensive subjects or among those labelled hysteric or hypochondriac.

Similarly, Graham suggests this configuration may reflect a tendency toward "faking good. Similar results were obtained by Gloye and Zimmerman , Grayson and Olinger , and other studies examining the effect of varied instructional sets on MMPI performance, to be discussed in a later section of this review.

Greene has provided normative data on the frequency of this validity scale pattern among his four samples. In this configuration, the validity scales have a positive slope in which the score on the L scale is less than that on the F scale, which in turn is less than the score on the K scale. He notes that a job applicant or a prison inmate trying to appear in a favorable light might obtain this configuration. Lachar views this pattern as reflecting sophisticated defensiveness or "conforming responses" among subjects from higher socioeconomic or educational level.

This configuration is often accompanied by lowered clinical scale scores and a possible scale 5 elevation for males. The least frequently obtained validity scale configuration is shown on Figure 4. In this pattern, the three validity scales have a negative slope, with the L scale score being larger than F score, and the F score being larger than the K score.

They typically have little education and come from lower socioeconomic classes. Greene also notes that these subjects are unlikely to admit their problems, and when they do, they lack the interest or motivation to change. Figure 5 shows the theoretically expected configuration of a random response set. Still another line of research has been concerned with the effect of explicit instructional sets on MMPI test performance e. Acquiescence Response Set Measures Originally, the term acquiescence referred to a tendency to give responses such as "agree," "yes," "like" and "true," that is a tendency to agree more than disagree Jackson, They found that for MMPI responses, the effect of item content clearly outweighed any tendency to develop sequential dependencies, whereas for the non-content guessing tasks, it had a significant impact.

Other investigators e. As noted above, these response sets yield clearly recognizable clinical and validity scale patterns see Figures 5 and 6. In addition, as Jackson points out, items are not uniform in the extent to which they elicit acquiescence.

It is possible that some ambiguous, unclear or inapplicable items may have a greater likelihood of eliciting a biased response set. Researchers who have developed measures of response acquiescence have generally used i- tems rated high on " c o n t r o v e r s i a l i t y t h a t is, items which have about a 50 percent endorsement frequency by normal subjects in a given direction e. This would, in principle, maximize the acquiescence eliciting potential of a scale consisting of such items.

Before proceeding to a discussion of other topics, it seems important to mention another area of investigation in the response bias literature. This concerns the issue of the tendency of some subjects to consistently deviate from established norms, which in a sense represents the opposite of response acquiescence. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Irwan Supriyanto. A short summary of this paper. J Med Sci, Volume 47, No. The prevalence and pattern of drugs addiction shifted according to changes in personality, stressors, or increasing responsibility as people grow.

Individual personality will affect their tendency to develop drug addiction. Benzodiazepines abuse has steadily increased. Unlike other type drugs of abuse, the characteristics of benzodiazepine abusers are greatly varied.

Therefore, the personality traits and social economic factors involved in the benzodiazepine addiction are unique. This study was a descriptive analytic study with a cross sectional design. Subjects were 39 benzodiazepine addicts obtained from private psychiatrist practices in Yogyakarta. The instruments used were questionnaire for personal information and MMPI 2. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS ver.

MMPI 2 test revealed a low total mental capacity index and a low basic personality index OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. The clinical profiles examination showed profile of somatic symptoms due to psychological disturbances, clinical symptoms of overt suspiciousness, overt negative emotionality, clinical symptoms of depression, symptoms of psychopathic behaviours antisocial , emotional difficulty in interpersonal relationship, clinical symptoms related to overt emotion, and weird and bizarre psychological experiences.

There are certain personality variables that may be important predictors for benzodiazepine addiction identified in this study.

Prevalensi dan pola ketegantungan obat berubah sesuai dengan perubahan kepribadian, penyebab stres, atau meningkatnya tanggung jawab seiring dengan usia seseorang. Kepribadian seseorang akan mempengaruhi tendensi seseorang menjadi ketergantungan obat. Penyalahgunaan benzodiazepin terus meningkat. Oleh karena itu ciri-ciri kepribadian dan faktor sosial yang berperan dalam ketergantungan benzodiazepin sangat unik.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian diskriptif analitik dengan rancangan potong lintang. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner untuk informasi individu dan MMPI 2. Pemeriksaan klinik menunjukkan adanya gambaran gejala somatik karena gangguan psikologi, gambaran klinik kecurigaan yang berlebihan, emosi negatif yang berlebihan, gejala klinik depresi, gejala klinik yang berkaitan dengan emosi yang berlebihan, dan pengalaman psikologi yang aneh-aneh.

Terdapat beberapa jenis kepribadian tertentu yang mungkin bias digunakan sebagai prediktor ketergantungan benzodiazepine yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini. People with better coping skills The major drugs of abuse were heroin, will have better control of their behaviour cocaine, LSD, and amphetamine. The challenges of coping controlover consumption, and the emergence with addiction extend to the bench, pulling of a negative emotional state when access to researchers to continue exploring the origins the substance is prevented.

Researchers are also responsibility as people grow. Stress systems personality traits. The partial heritability of these theaddicted individual toward compulsivedrug personality traits might also responsible for taking. The tendency to use drugs is directly for the management of addiction. Cognitive related to the attitudes of individuals regarding behaviour approaches are grounded in social the legality and the scale of social acceptance learning theoriesand principles of operant of drugs, the harm resulting from drug use, conditioning.

The efficacy this approach is or the pleasant consequences of using drugs. The five factor in Yogyakarta. Subjects were obtained model for basic personality profile measured from psychiatrist practice in Yogyakarta. They feel safer to visit of abuse, partly due to its cheap price.

The private practice. By using private practice, we prevalence of benzodiazepine abuse, based reduced the level of psychological stressors on visits to psychiatrist in Yogyakarta, is the subjects have to face due to fears of being increasing. Unlike other type drugs of abuse, the watch by the authority, being arrest by the demographic characteristic of benzodiazepine police. The inclusion criteria were diagnosed abusers is greatly varied. Therefore, unlike as having benzodiazepine addiction by at least other drugs of abuse, the personality traits two psychiatrists, provide informed consent, and social economic factors involved in the and age between years old.

Subjects development of benzodiazepine addiction are with severe mental disorders and those who somewhat unique. The use of benzodiazepine to clustered simple random sampling. Patients on Instruments used in this study were methadone maintenance therapy often report informed consent and subjects information frequent use of benzodiazepine. Based on forms; questionnaire for personal and above explanation, it is clear how personality demographics information; and MMPI 2 have impacts on the tendency to develop Indonesian version.

Therefore, in this Data analysis study we examined the association between Distribution of demographic characteristics personality profiles based on MMPI 2 test and will be presented as frequency tables. The benzodiazepine addiction. MMPI 2 test results will be descriptively presented as parameters.

This study is a descriptive analytic study 17 software. Level of significance was defined with a cross sectional design. In our study, 39 subjects were included which almost all were male Characteristics of patients with than half of our subjects Smoking habit Yes 35 Most of our subject claimed that they No 32 A number of 7 subjects Most of our MMPI 2 results for mental capacity subjects Basic personality index Sex Male 38 We conducted Mann Whitney test symptoms of overt suspiciousness, overt on the basic personality index and OCEAN negative emotionality, clinical symptoms score.